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Introduction to Java and the JVM

Understand how Java code is compiled and executed through the JDK, JRE, and JVM. Write and run your first program from the command line.

Setting Up IDE and Build Tools

Install IntelliJ IDEA and configure a Java project with Maven basics. Learn to run, debug, and organize code efficiently.

Variables and Data Types

Work with primitive and reference types, literals, type casting, and the var keyword. Learn how Java handles memory for different types.

Operators and Expressions

Use arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, and ternary operators to build expressions. Understand operator precedence and common pitfalls.

Input and Output in Java

Read user input with Scanner and format console output with printf and String.format. Build small interactive console programs.

Conditional Statements

Apply if, else if, switch statements, and switch expressions to control program decisions. Practice with real-world branching scenarios.

Loops and Iteration

Use for, while, do while, and enhanced for loops to repeat tasks. Control loops with break and continue.

Single and Multidimensional Arrays

Declare, initialize, and traverse one dimensional and two dimensional arrays. Solve problems such as searching and matrix operations.

String Class and Immutability

Explore the String class, the string pool, and common methods for manipulation. Understand why strings are immutable.

StringBuilder and Regular Expressions

Build efficient strings with StringBuilder and validate text using regex patterns. Apply them to input validation tasks.

Classes and Objects

Define classes with fields and methods and create objects using the new keyword. Understand the difference between class and instance.

Constructors and Object Initialization

Use default, parameterized, and copy constructors along with constructor chaining. Explore initializer blocks and the this keyword.

Methods and Overloading

Write methods with parameters and return values, and apply method overloading. Understand pass by value in Java.

Access Modifiers and Encapsulation

Control visibility with private, default, protected, and public modifiers. Build well encapsulated classes with getters and setters.

Static Members and Packages

Use static variables, methods, and blocks, and organize code into packages. Learn about imports and project structure.

Inheritance and the super Keyword

Create class hierarchies using extends and access parent members with super. Understand constructor behavior in inheritance.

Method Overriding and Runtime Polymorphism

Override parent methods and see dynamic method dispatch in action. Learn upcasting and downcasting with instanceof.

Abstract Classes

Design abstract classes with abstract and concrete methods to share common behavior. Know when to choose abstraction.

Interfaces and Default Methods

Define contracts with interfaces, including default, static, and private methods. Implement multiple interfaces in a class.

Composition versus Inheritance

Compare is-a and has-a relationships and learn to favor composition. Refactor a sample design to reduce tight coupling.

Exception Handling Basics

Use try, catch, finally, and multi catch to handle runtime errors. Understand the exception hierarchy and checked versus unchecked exceptions.

Custom Exceptions and Try with Resources

Create custom exception classes and manage resources safely with try with resources. Apply throw and throws correctly.

Lists and the ArrayList and LinkedList

Store ordered data using List implementations and compare their performance. Practice common operations and iteration.

Sets and Maps

Work with HashSet, TreeSet, HashMap, and TreeMap to handle unique and keyed data. Understand how hashing works internally.

Queues, Deques, and Iterators

Use Queue, Deque, and PriorityQueue for ordered processing and traverse collections with Iterator. Avoid concurrent modification errors.

Generics

Create type safe classes and methods with generics and bounded types. Understand wildcards and type erasure.

Enums and Records

Model fixed sets of values with enums and create concise data carriers using records. Learn when to use each.

Lambda Expressions and Functional Interfaces

Write lambdas and use built in functional interfaces such as Predicate, Function, and Consumer. Apply method references.

Stream API

Process collections declaratively with map, filter, reduce, and collectors. Build data pipelines for realistic datasets.

Optional and Date Time API

Avoid null errors using Optional and work with LocalDate, LocalDateTime, and Duration. Format and parse dates correctly.

Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms

Explore why data structures matter and how they shape program performance. Compare linear and non-linear structures with real-world examples.

Time and Space Complexity with Big O

Learn to measure algorithm efficiency using Big O notation. Analyze simple loops and nested loops to estimate cost.

Arrays and Multidimensional Arrays

Work with fixed-size arrays and two-dimensional arrays in Java. Practice traversal, insertion and searching patterns.

Linked Lists from Scratch

Build singly and doubly linked lists using custom node classes. Implement insert, delete and reverse operations.

Stacks and Queues Implementation

Implement stacks and queues using arrays and linked nodes. Apply them to problems like bracket matching and task scheduling.

Recursion Fundamentals

Learn how recursive calls work using the call stack. Solve problems like factorial and Fibonacci with clear base cases.

Linear and Binary Search

Implement both search techniques and compare their performance. Understand when sorted data enables faster lookups.

Elementary Sorting Algorithms

Code bubble, selection and insertion sort step by step. Trace each algorithm and discuss its limitations.

Merge Sort and Quick Sort

Study divide and conquer sorting techniques. Implement both and compare their running times on large inputs.

Hashing and Hash Tables

Understand hash functions and collision handling strategies. Build a simple hash table to see how HashMap works internally.

Collections Framework Overview

Tour the interface hierarchy including Collection, List, Set and Map. Learn how to choose the right collection for a task.

List Implementations ArrayList and LinkedList

Compare ArrayList and LinkedList in usage and performance. Practice common list operations and iteration.

Sets with HashSet LinkedHashSet and TreeSet

Work with collections that enforce uniqueness. Understand ordering differences and the role of equals and hashCode.

Maps with HashMap and TreeMap

Store and retrieve key value pairs efficiently. Explore iteration over entries, keys and values.

Queues Deques and PriorityQueue

Use queue based collections for ordered processing. Build a simple task scheduler with PriorityQueue.

Introduction to Databases and RDBMS

Understand database concepts, tables, rows and keys. Install MySQL and explore its client tools.

Creating Databases and Tables with DDL

Use CREATE, ALTER and DROP to define schemas. Choose suitable data types and apply constraints.

Inserting Updating and Deleting Data with DML

Manipulate records using INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. Learn safe practices including transactions for changes.

Querying Data with SELECT and Filters

Retrieve data using SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY and LIMIT. Use operators like LIKE, IN and BETWEEN.

Aggregate Functions and Grouping

Summarize data with COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN and MAX. Group results using GROUP BY and HAVING.

Joins Across Multiple Tables

Combine data with inner, left, right and full joins. Solve practical reporting problems using multi table queries.

Subqueries and Common Table Expressions

Write nested queries and readable CTEs. Decide when each approach improves clarity.

Window Functions and Ranking

Use ROW_NUMBER, RANK and running totals with OVER clauses. Analyze data without collapsing rows.

Indexes and Query Performance

Learn how indexes speed up lookups and when they hurt. Read execution plans with EXPLAIN to tune queries.

Transactions and ACID Properties

Understand commit, rollback and isolation levels. See how transactions keep data consistent under concurrency.

JDBC Architecture and Drivers

Understand the JDBC API, driver types and connection lifecycle. Connect a Java program to MySQL.

Executing Queries with Statement and ResultSet

Run SELECT and update queries from Java code. Read and map results using ResultSet.

PreparedStatement and SQL Injection Prevention

Use parameterized queries for safety and speed. Learn how SQL injection attacks work and how to block them.

Transactions and Batch Processing in JDBC

Control commits and rollbacks from Java. Use batch updates to process many records efficiently.

DAO Pattern and Connection Pooling

Separate data access logic using the DAO pattern. Configure connection pooling with HikariCP.

Introduction to Spring and Spring Boot

Explore why Spring Boot simplifies enterprise Java development and how it differs from the traditional Spring Framework. Review the architecture of a typical backend application.

Project Setup with Maven and Spring Initializr

Generate a project, understand the folder structure and manage dependencies using Maven. Run the application from the IDE and the command line.

Inversion of Control and Dependency Injection

Learn how the Spring container creates and wires objects. Practice constructor injection and compare it with other injection styles.

Beans, Scopes and Component Scanning

Define beans using annotations and Java configuration. Understand singleton and prototype scopes and the bean lifecycle.

Application Properties, Profiles and Configuration

Externalize configuration with properties and YAML files. Use profiles to switch between development and production settings.

REST Principles and HTTP Fundamentals

Understand resources, HTTP methods, status codes and statelessness. Learn how to design meaningful URIs.

Controllers and Request Mapping

Build controllers using RestController and mapping annotations. Handle path variables and query parameters.

Request and Response Bodies with JSON

Serialize and deserialize JSON using Jackson. Control response formats with ResponseEntity and status codes.

DTOs and Object Mapping

Separate internal entities from API contracts using data transfer objects. Apply mapping with manual code and MapStruct.

Validation and Global Exception Handling

Validate input using Bean Validation annotations. Return consistent error responses with ControllerAdvice.

JPA and Hibernate Fundamentals

Learn object relational mapping concepts and how Hibernate translates entities into tables. Configure a database connection in Spring Boot.

Entities and Repositories

Model entities with annotations and use Spring Data repositories for CRUD operations. Build a complete persistence layer for a sample project.

Entity Relationships and Fetch Strategies

Map one to one, one to many and many to many relationships. Understand lazy and eager loading and avoid the N plus 1 problem.

Derived Queries, JPQL and Native Queries

Write queries using method naming conventions and the Query annotation. Choose the right approach for complex data needs.

Transactions and Data Integrity

Manage transactions with the Transactional annotation. Understand propagation, isolation and rollback behavior.

Spring Security Architecture

Understand the filter chain, authentication and authorization flow. Configure default security and customize it for an API.

User Registration and Password Hashing

Build a registration flow and store passwords securely using BCrypt. Discuss common credential storage mistakes.

JWT Based Authentication

Issue and validate JSON Web Tokens for stateless authentication. Implement a login endpoint and a token filter.

Role Based Access Control

Restrict endpoints and methods by user roles and authorities. Apply method level security annotations.

CORS, CSRF and Common Vulnerabilities

Configure cross origin access for frontend applications. Review CSRF, injection and other threats from the OWASP list.

Unit Testing with JUnit 5

Write clear unit tests using JUnit 5 assertions and lifecycle annotations. Apply test driven thinking to service logic.

Mocking with Mockito

Isolate classes under test by mocking dependencies. Verify interactions and stub responses.

Testing Controllers with MockMvc

Test REST endpoints without starting a full server. Assert status codes, headers and JSON content.

Integration Testing with Testcontainers

Run tests against real databases in containers. Use SpringBootTest to verify the full application context.

API Documentation with OpenAPI and Swagger

Generate interactive documentation for endpoints using springdoc. Share contracts clearly with frontend teams.

Caching with Spring Cache and Redis

Improve response times by caching frequent queries. Configure cache eviction and use Redis as a distributed store.

Working with MongoDB in Spring Boot

Use Spring Data MongoDB to store document based data. Compare when to choose NoSQL over relational storage.

Asynchronous Processing and Scheduling

Run background tasks with Async and scheduled jobs. Understand thread pools and task execution.

Messaging with Kafka Basics

Understand event driven design and publish and consume messages with Apache Kafka. Build a simple producer and consumer service.

Microservices Fundamentals

Learn how to split a system into services and handle communication with REST clients. Explore API gateways and service discovery concepts.

Semantic HTML and Accessible Page Structure

Learners write meaningful HTML using semantic elements and accessibility attributes. They see how good structure supports screen readers and search engines.

CSS Layouts with Flexbox and Grid

Learners build responsive page layouts using Flexbox and CSS Grid. They practice aligning, spacing and reordering content across screen sizes.

Responsive Design and Media Queries

Learners adapt layouts to mobile, tablet and desktop using media queries and relative units. They follow a mobile first workflow.

Modern JavaScript ES6 Essentials

Learners use let, const, arrow functions, destructuring, spread and template literals. These features appear in nearly every React codebase.

Asynchronous JavaScript with Promises and Async Await

Learners handle asynchronous work using promises and async await syntax. They fetch data from a public API and handle errors.

Introduction to React and Project Setup

Learners create a React project with Vite and tour its structure. They learn why component based UI libraries exist.

JSX Syntax and Rendering Expressions

Learners write JSX and embed JavaScript expressions in markup. They learn the differences between JSX and HTML.

Components and Props

Learners create function components and pass data through props. They practice composing small components into larger screens.

Conditional Rendering and Lists with Keys

Learners render UI conditionally and map arrays to lists of elements. They learn why stable keys matter for performance and correctness.

Handling Events and Forms

Learners respond to clicks and input changes and build controlled forms. They validate input before submission.

The useState Hook and Local State

Learners store and update component state with useState. They learn immutable update patterns for objects and arrays.

The useEffect Hook and Side Effects

Learners run side effects such as data loading and subscriptions with useEffect. They manage dependency arrays and cleanup functions.

Lifting State Up and Component Communication

Learners share state between sibling components by lifting it to a common parent. They design clean data flow with callbacks.

useRef and useMemo and useCallback

Learners access DOM nodes with useRef and optimize expensive work with memoization hooks. They learn when optimization is actually needed.

Context API for Shared State

Learners share global values such as theme and user session using Context. They avoid prop drilling in deeper component trees.

Client Side Routing with React Router

Learners configure routes and navigation links with React Router. They understand how single page apps change views without reloads.

Dynamic Routes and URL Parameters

Learners build detail pages using route parameters and query strings. They read and update URL state from components.

Nested Layouts and Protected Routes

Learners create shared layouts with nested routes and guard private pages based on login status. They redirect unauthorized users.

Project Structure and Reusable UI Patterns

Learners organize features, components and utilities into a maintainable folder structure. They apply container and presentational patterns.

Global State with Redux Toolkit

Learners manage large application state using Redux Toolkit slices and the store. They connect components with hooks.

Calling REST APIs with Fetch and Axios

Learners send GET, POST, PUT and DELETE requests to the Spring Boot backend. They compare Fetch with Axios and centralize API calls.

Handling CORS and Environment Configuration

Learners configure CORS on the Spring Boot server and manage API URLs with environment variables. They run frontend and backend together locally.

Data Fetching with TanStack Query

Learners cache, refetch and synchronize server data using TanStack Query. They reduce boilerplate for loading and error states.

Loading and Error States and User Feedback

Learners design skeletons, spinners and toast messages for slow or failed requests. They build interfaces that stay clear under poor network conditions.

JWT Authentication in the Frontend

Learners implement login and logout against the secured backend and store tokens safely. They attach tokens to requests with interceptors.

Component Testing with Jest and React Testing Library

Learners write unit tests that render components and simulate user behavior. They learn to test what users see rather than implementation details.

Mocking APIs and Integration Tests

Learners mock network calls with Mock Service Worker and test whole features. They verify loading, success and failure flows.

TypeScript Basics for React

Learners add types to props, state and API responses using TypeScript. They catch bugs early and improve editor support.

Performance Profiling and Optimization

Learners profile renders with React DevTools and reduce unnecessary updates. They apply memoization and list virtualization where useful.

Web Accessibility and SEO Best Practices

Learners audit apps with Lighthouse and fix accessibility and metadata issues. They improve usability for all users.

Introduction to Generative AI

Understand what generative AI is and how it differs from traditional machine learning. Explore real-world use cases in full stack products.

How Large Language Models Work

Learn about tokens, context windows, transformers and next-token prediction at a practical level. See how these ideas affect cost and output quality.

Model Providers and Selection

Compare OpenAI, Anthropic, Google and open source models on cost, latency and capability. Learn how to pick a model for a given feature.

Working with LLM APIs using Java HTTP Clients

Call a hosted LLM REST API directly from Java using HttpClient and JSON parsing. Handle API keys, errors and timeouts safely.

Model Parameters and Output Control

Tune temperature, top-p, max tokens and stop sequences to shape responses. Observe how each setting changes output behavior.

Anatomy of an Effective Prompt

Break prompts into role, context, task, constraints and format. Practice rewriting weak prompts into strong ones.

Zero Shot and Few Shot Prompting

Use examples inside prompts to steer model behavior. Compare results with and without examples.

Chain of Thought and Reasoning Prompts

Encourage step by step reasoning for complex tasks. Learn when reasoning prompts help and when they add unnecessary cost.

System Prompts and Role Based Instructions

Define assistant personas and persistent rules using system messages. Understand message roles in chat style APIs.

Structured Outputs and JSON Responses

Force models to return JSON that matches a schema and validate it in Java. Handle malformed responses gracefully.

Spring AI Overview and Project Setup

Add Spring AI dependencies and configure a provider in a Spring Boot project. Understand the framework architecture and goals.

ChatClient and ChatModel APIs

Send prompts and receive responses using the fluent ChatClient. Learn how it abstracts differences between providers.

Prompt Templates and Message Types

Create reusable parameterized prompts with templates. Use system, user and assistant messages in Spring AI.

Streaming Responses with Reactive Support

Stream tokens to clients as they are generated using Flux and server sent events. Improve perceived responsiveness in chat features.

Structured Output Converters to Java Objects

Map model responses directly into Java records and beans. Reduce manual parsing and improve type safety.

Understanding Embeddings and Semantic Search

Learn how text becomes vectors and how similarity search finds related content. Compare keyword search with semantic search.

Vector Databases and Spring AI Vector Store

Store and query vectors using pgvector or a similar store through the VectorStore interface. Understand indexing and similarity metrics.

Document Loading and Chunking Strategies

Ingest PDFs and text files using document readers and split them into effective chunks. Explore how chunk size affects retrieval quality.

Building a Retrieval Augmented Generation Pipeline

Combine retrieval and generation so the model answers using relevant passages. Implement the pipeline with Spring AI advisors.

Improving RAG Quality

Apply metadata filtering, query rewriting and reranking to improve answers. Reduce hallucinations with source citations.

Function Calling and Tool Use Concepts

Understand how models request tool execution and how results return to the conversation. Review common tool use patterns.

Implementing Tools in Spring AI

Expose Java methods as tools that the model can call, such as database lookups or service calls. Validate arguments and handle failures.

Model Context Protocol Basics

Learn how the Model Context Protocol standardizes connections between models and external tools. Connect a Spring application to an MCP server.

Building AI Agents and Multi Step Workflows

Design agents that plan, call tools and iterate toward a goal. Compare simple chains with routing and orchestration patterns.

Multimodal AI with Images and Audio

Send images to vision models and generate or transcribe audio using Spring AI. Build features such as image description and speech to text.

Designing AI Endpoints in Spring Boot

Create REST and streaming endpoints that wrap AI logic cleanly. Apply layered design and DTOs for AI features.

Building a Chat Interface in React

Create a chat UI that consumes streaming responses from the backend. Manage message state, loading and error handling.

Securing AI APIs and Preventing Prompt Injection

Protect endpoints with authentication and rate limiting. Defend against prompt injection and data leakage.

Cost Control, Caching and Resilience

Reduce spend with caching, token limits and model routing. Add retries and fallbacks for provider failures.

Observability and Testing of AI Features

Log prompts and responses safely and track metrics with Micrometer. Write tests using mocked models and evaluation datasets.

Git Fundamentals and Local Repositories

Understand commits, staging, history and the Git object model. Initialize repositories and track changes in a Java project.

Branching and Merging Strategies

Create feature branches and merge them using fast-forward and three-way merges. Compare Git Flow and trunk-based development.

Resolving Conflicts and Rewriting History

Resolve merge conflicts confidently and use rebase, stash and cherry-pick. Learn when rewriting history is safe.

GitHub Collaboration and Pull Requests

Work with remotes, forks and pull requests. Practice structured code reviews and issue tracking.

Semantic Versioning and Release Management

Tag releases, write changelogs and apply semantic versioning to a Spring Boot application.

Unit Testing with JUnit 5

Write isolated unit tests for service and utility classes. Use assertions, parameterized tests and lifecycle annotations.

Mocking with Mockito

Replace dependencies with mocks and spies to test business logic in isolation. Verify interactions and stub responses.

Integration Testing Spring Boot APIs

Test controllers and repositories using MockMvc and SpringBootTest. Validate request handling and database behavior.

Testing with Testcontainers

Run real databases in disposable containers during tests for reliable and repeatable integration checks.

Frontend Testing with Jest and React Testing Library

Test React components and user interactions. Mock API calls and assert rendered output.

Container Concepts and Docker Setup

Understand images, containers and registries and how they differ from virtual machines. Install Docker and run first containers.

Writing Dockerfiles for Spring Boot

Build optimized images for the backend using layered JARs and slim base images.

Containerizing the React Frontend with Nginx

Use multi-stage builds to compile the React app and serve it through Nginx.

Docker Compose for Multi-Service Applications

Orchestrate frontend, backend and database services locally with networks, volumes and environment files.

Managing Secrets and Configuration

Handle environment variables, API keys and LLM credentials securely across environments.

CI/CD Principles and Pipeline Design

Learn the stages of a modern delivery pipeline and the benefits of automation. Design a pipeline for the capstone project.

GitHub Actions Workflows

Write workflow files that trigger on pushes and pull requests to build and test the application.

Automated Build and Test Stages

Run Maven builds, backend tests and frontend tests in the pipeline with caching and test reports.

Building and Pushing Docker Images in the Pipeline

Authenticate to registries and publish versioned images automatically after successful builds.

Continuous Deployment Strategies

Compare rolling, blue-green and canary deployments. Implement rollback plans for failed releases.

Cloud Fundamentals with AWS

Understand regions, IAM, compute, storage and networking services. Set up a secure account with budget alerts.

Deploying the Backend on EC2 and Elastic Beanstalk

Launch the Spring Boot service on virtual machines and managed platforms. Configure security groups and environment variables.

Managed Databases with Amazon RDS

Provision a managed relational database and connect the application securely. Configure backups and access rules.

Hosting the Frontend with S3 and CloudFront

Publish the React build to object storage and distribute it through a CDN with HTTPS and custom domains.

Kubernetes Essentials for Java Applications

Learn pods, deployments and services. Deploy a containerized Spring Boot app to a Kubernetes cluster.

Capstone Project Finalization and Demo Deployment

Polish the capstone AI full stack application, write documentation and deploy a live demo with a public URL.

Building a Professional GitHub Portfolio and README

Structure repositories, write clear READMEs with architecture diagrams and showcase projects to recruiters.

Resume and LinkedIn Optimization for Java Roles

Craft an ATS-friendly resume and LinkedIn profile that highlight projects, impact and technical keywords.

Data Structures and Algorithms Interview Practice

Solve common coding interview problems in Java and explain time and space complexity clearly.

System Design and Technical Interview Preparation

Answer Java, Spring Boot and system design questions. Design scalable architectures including AI-powered features.